REVISTAS INDEXADAS

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A New Species of Mymarothecium tantaliani n. sp (Monogenea: Dactylogiridae) in the Gills of Gamitana Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) from Madre de Dios, Peru
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-7-12) Cayulla-Quispe, David; Mondragón-Martínez, Aarón; Rojas-De-Los-Santos, Estrellita; Garcia-Candela, Enrique; Babilonia-Medina, Jorge; Martínez-Rojas, Rosa
Introduction: Members of the genus Mymarothecium Kritsky, Boeger & Jégu, 1996 infect characiform fish in the Amazon River Basin. Although the Peruvian Amazon hosts rich fauna of fish, the taxonomic diversity of parasitic organisms such as Mymarothecium has been few explored. A new species of Mymarothecium in Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, from the southeast of the Peruvian Amazon, is described. Methods: Monogeneans were isolated from gills of C. macropomum, fixed in formaldehyde in 4% solution. For morphological examinations were stained with Gomori’s trichrome and others were clarified with Hoyer’s medium. Results: Mymarothecium is the third species of the genus recorded in C. macropomum. These new species have been characterized by a slightly sigmoid male copulatory organ (MCO) and the accessory piece with sinuous distal rod with hook-shaped process and a bifurcation in the middle part. Furthermore, the anteromedial projection of the ventral rod has a small conspicuous filament in both anchors. Conclusions: With the description of this new species, eight species of Mymarothecium have been reported in fish of the Serrasalmidae family originating in the Amazon. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Actividad antibacteriana de extractos metanólicos de pepino de mar (Pattalus mollis) frente a bacterias patógenas
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Vicerectorado de Investigacion, 2019-10-10) Díaz-Sol Sol, Katia; Sánchez-Robinet, Claudia; Pariona V., Carlos; Londoñe-Bailon, Pablo
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos de metanol y metanol-cloroformo de tegumento, gónada y víscera de Pattalus mollis. Se recolectaron 50 especímenes en la bahía de Pucusana, Perú, se diseccionaron longitudinalmente por la zona ventral del tegumento y se retiraron los órganos internos (víscera, gónada). Las muestras fueron secadas hasta un 10% de humedad, molidas y almacenadas en congelación. Los extractos fueron obtenidos mediante maceración empleando metanol y cloroformo. La evaluación in vitro se realizó mediante el método de microdilución en caldo, los extractos se diluyeron en siete concentraciones (3.9-250 mg/ml) y evaluados frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 14775 y Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC 17749. Los extractos metanólicos presentaron inhibición bacteriana frente a las tres bacterias demostrando poseer un efecto bactericida y bacteriostático contra bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas. Los extractos de víscera, gónada y tegumento presentaron una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 62.5 mg/ml o más frente a P. aeruginosa, V. alginolyticus y S. aureus. Los resultados sugieren que el pepino de mar P. mollis, proveniente de las costas peruana, es un candidato novedoso para la obtención de compuestos antibacterianos.
Analysis of the complete organellar genomes of the economically valuable kelp Lessonia spicata (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Chile
(Informa UK Limited, 2019-7-3) Tineo, Daniel; Rubio, Karol B.; Melendez, Jegnes B.; Mendoza, Jani E.; Silva, Jhonsy O.; Perez, Jhordy; Esquerre, Eggleantina E.; Perez-Alania, Melissa; Fernandez, Samia L.; Aguilar, Smith E.; Chuquizuta, Fernando; Olano, Yadira M.; Hoyos, Renzo P.; Veneros, Jaris E.; Garcia, Ligia M.; Arakaki, Natalia; Garcia-Candela, Enrique; Oliva, Manuel; Mansilla, Andres; Calderon, Martha S.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Bustamante, Danilo E.
Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices is the most ecologically and economically important kelp from Pacific South America. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and evolutionary systematics of the species by performing high throughput sequencing on L. spicata from Valparaiso, Chile. The L. spicata complete mitogenome is 37,097 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 66 genes (GenBank accession MK965907), the complete plastid genome is 130,305 bp and has 173 genes (accession MK965908), and the data assembled 7,630 bp of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (accession MK965909). The organellar genomes are similar in structure and content to others published from the Laminariales. © 2019 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Analysis of the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by farmers of the Camaná Valley
(FapUNIFESP (SciELO), 2025) Zegarra-Flores, Jorge; Condori-Ramos, A. R.; Coloma-Dongo, Froy Engelbert; Calizaya Llatasi, Elmer; Calizaya Llatasi, Fredy Grimaldo; Mindani Caceres, Carmen Gisela; Caira Mamani, Cirilo Mario; Ore Areche, Franklin; Paricanaza-Ticona, Danitza Corina; Tito Quispe, Edson Efraín; Leon-Gomez, Rodolfo
In the last 30 years, rice production in Peru has grown 4.88 times. Rice in the Camaná Valley of the department of Arequipa is one of the most important food crops in the regional economy with a world record in yield for paddy rice. The objective was to analyze the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by rice farmers in the Camaná Valley and determine the impacts on improvements in the quality of life of farmers. This study used the innovation systems framework to explore four key aspects of innovation systems: Actors, the roles they play and the activities in which they are involved, attitudes and practices of the main actors, patterns of interaction between the main actors and the enabling environment. It was determined that the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones varieties was facilitated by the existence of a diversity of collective intelligence mechanisms to organize interactions for innovation, government actors have been identified (INIA, SENASA, Agrarian Agencies); private companies (CORDESA Camaná, commercial houses, phytosanitary companies), media, rice producers, a sociotechnical regime that constitutes the mills, financing entities, market information and marketing agents, forming a network of social and economic actors, which interact with each other for the adoption of rice varieties. The livelihoods of producers have been favored by human, social, natural, financial and political capital. The increase in yields and a better price of the product allows them to improve their economies.
Anchovy mince ( Engraulis ringens ) enriched with polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre: In vitro polyphenols bioaccessibility, antioxidant and physico-chemical properties
(Elsevier BV, 2017-12) Solari-Godiño, Armando; Pérez-Jiménez, Jara; Saura-Calixto, Fulgêncio D.; Borderías, Antonio Javier; Moreno, Helena María
The aim of this study was to evaluate technological and antioxidant properties, including in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols, conferred on raw anchovy mince by the addition of polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre at different concentrations. For this purpose, headed and gutted anchovy was heat-flayed, deboned and mixed with 0%, 2%, 3%, 4% grape pomace dietary fibre. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of polyphenols and associated antioxidant capacity was detected when grape pomace dietary fibre was incorporated in a proportion of at least 2% of the final mixture. In vitro digestion showed that the higher the grape pomace dietary fibre content, the higher was the proportion of polyphenols reaching the large intestine. Additionally, it was observed that the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay seems to be more suitable for evaluating antioxidant capacity in this kind of samples than FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay. Technological properties such as mechanical and water holding, as well as sensory scores, indicated excellent qualities and acceptability of all samples. Hence, given the good acceptance of these samples, it should be feasible to make fish products based on mince anchovy as a means of increasing dietary intake of polyphenols with antioxidant capacity, especially considering the high concentration of polyphenols bioaccessible in the large intestine. © 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Fusarium sp.: Effectiveness in controlling Erysiphe necator and phytotoxic effect on wheat seeds
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, 2025-8-8) Cáceres Iparraguirre, Hanna; Bendezu Ramos, Alex; Chávez Orellana, Haydee; Surco-Laos, Felipe; García C., Jorge A.
The agricultural sector faces risks from damage caused by phytopathogens, and many farmers rely on synthetic fungicides to combat them. However, excessive use of these products pollutes the environment and promotes pathogen resistance. This study evaluated the mycelial growth inhibition of 57 plant extracts against Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Fusarium sp., and their efficacy in controlling Erysiphe necator in the field. It also evaluated their phytotoxic effect on wheat seeds and the identification of metabolites present in the extracts. The most effective extracts were those of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Conyza sumatrensis, Dysphania ambrosioides, Minthostachis mollis, Salvia sp., Pimpinella anisum, and Syzygium aromaticum. The P. anisum extract exhibited the greatest inhibition of B. cinerea growth in tomatoes, while the most effective extracts against E. necator were P. anisum, C. sumatrensis, and S. aromaticum. Furthermore, the A. artemisiifolia extract exhibited phytotoxic effects on wheat seed growth. Flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, leucoanthocyanidins, coumarins, and saponins were identified as the main metabolites in the extracts. These results offer viable alternatives for controlling phytopathogenic fungi using plant extracts, contributing to a more sustainable agriculture that is less dependent on chemicals.
Antiviral activity of the sea cucumber tegument extract (Pattalus mollis) on human rotavirus A (RVA)
(Informa UK Limited, 2019-9-9) Garcia-Candela, Enrique; Pariona-Velarde, Carlos; Mondragón-Martínez, Aarón; Chumpitaz-Cerrate, Victor
The antiviral effect against RVA in cell culture was evaluated by using an aqueous extract of Patallus mollis sea cucumber, applying the titration methodology. This technique is used to measures the ability of the extract dilutions to inhibit the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus, expressed as percentage of inhibition (IP). The mean extract cytotoxic concentration (CC50) used in the antiviral assay was 27,042.10 μg/mL and the PI of the antiviral activity extract was greater than 99.9% for each concentration. To determine the viral action mode, the cells were previously treated with the extracts in different stages during the viral infection cycle. The result analysis suggests that the extract inhibits 99% of the virus during the absorption and viral inactivation phase. These results show the P. mollis extract has a remarkable antiviral effect against the RVA in cell culture. So that, it is crucial to investigate its action mechanisms. © 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Aqueous biphasic systems based on Pluronics: An overview of the last 10 years
(Elsevier BV, 2025-6) Andrade, Nádia G.; Torquato, Isabelle O.; Lino, Nayara K.B.; Pillaca-Pullo, Omar S.; Veríssimo, Nathalia V.P.; Maia, Alana M.M.; Brown, Stuart J.; Jorge, Alexandre M.S.; Santos-Ebinuma, Valéria C.; Greaves, Tamar L.; Roberto, Inês C.; Pereira, Jorge F.B.; Rangel-Yagui, Carlota O.; Lopes, André M.
This review explores the significant advancements achieved with the use of Pluronic® triblock copolymers in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) for biomolecule extraction and processing. Pluronic-based ABS, characterized by their superior stability and selectivity, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional ABS. Harnessing the unique amphiphilic nature of Pluronic copolymers, these systems enable stable liquid–liquid phase separation, making them highly suitable for the selective extraction of diverse biomolecules. The review highlights several advantages of Pluronic-based ABS, including their versatility based on its PEOXPPOYPEOX (ABA) structure, enhanced partitioning efficiency, selective extraction, low shear stress, and structural stability. Additionally, they offer excellent solute recovery and the potential for biomolecule encapsulation within Pluronic micelles. Although high costs and complex formulations present challenges, the remarkable benefits position Pluronic-based ABS as invaluable tools in biomolecular research and across the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. This review provides in-depth insights into recent advancements and the growing potential of Pluronic-based ABS in the evolving fields of biomolecule extraction, purification, and nanoencapsulation. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Assessment of tannery effluents quality treated by electrocoagulation and ozonation: Physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterization
(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-7-22) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio; Buleje-Del-Carpio, Robert
Tannery effluents are characterized by their high toxicity and complex pollutant load, posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. Although conventional treatment processes often achieve regulatory standards for pollutant concentrations, they do not necessarily guarantee the reduction of effluent toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of tannery effluents treated by electrocoagulation (EC) and the combined electrocoagulation-ozonation (ECO) process, while analyzing the associated toxicity reduction, in order to determine the suitability of these technologies for application and ensure environmental protection of receiving water bodies. For this purpose, tannery wastewater was treated sequentially using an electrocoagulation reactor followed by an ozonation system, yielding three sample types: raw (C), electrocoagulation-treated (EC), and electrocoagulation-ozonation treated (ECO). Physicochemical parameters were measured, toxicity was assessed through bioassays with Lactuca sativa and Eisenia fetida, and chemical changes were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy.EC achieved 96.4% removal of total suspended solids (TSS), 30.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 99% of chromium, while ozonation further removed 10% of COD and 99% of sulfides. Toxicity assays indicated a reduction from 23.89 toxicity units (TUs) in the raw effluent to 8.32 TUs after EC and 11.12 TUs after ECO. The slight increase in toxicity after ozonation was associated with elevated ammoniacal nitrogen levels and the formation of new functional groups, as evidenced by the FTIR spectrum. Despite significant pollutant removal, the results highlight that treated effluents may still present residual toxicity, emphasizing the need for complementary treatment strategies to achieve true environmental safety.
Assessment of the Hazard and Ecotoxicity of the Residues of Paiche Leather Dyed with Natural and Synthetic Colourants: A Focus on Environmental Sustainability
(idd3, 2024-5-17) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana Del Rosario; Paucar-Palomino, Michel Jazmín; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Requena-Sánchez, Norvin Plumieer
The aim of this research was to assess the hazardousness and ecotoxicity of paiche leather (Arapaima gigas) dyed with natural colourants (turmeric and purple corn) versus synthetic colourants (anilines). To determine hazardousness, the methodology included the assessment of flammability, corrosivity, reactivity to H2S and HCN, toxicity from metals, and organic compounds of dyed leather. Additionally, its ecotoxicity was determined using the California red worm (Eisenia fetida) as a bioindicator through a bioassay, with treatments at 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.20 g of leather/g of substrate, including undyed leather and a negative control in the investigation. The hazardousness analysis results indicated that leather samples dyed with both natural and synthetic colourants are not hazardous. However, the concentrations of chromium, nickel, cadmium, and lead exceed the permitted values for their use in footwear according to the European Union. Regarding ecotoxicity, the results demonstrate that acute toxicity to E. fetida is lower for natural colourants compared to synthetic colourants, where 100% mortality occurs at concentrations between 0.04 and 0.08 g of leather/g of the substrate. Concerning chronic toxicity, after 12 weeks of exposure, the tolerance concentration for undyed paiche leather is 0.035 g of leather/g of the substrate, and for leather dyed with purple corn and turmeric, it is 0.2 g of leather/g of the substrate. It is shown that the active compounds of natural colourants have a positive effect on worm survival, and it is concluded that paiche leather dyed with these colourants presents environmental advantages over leather dyed with synthetic colourants.
Biotechnological deproteinization of shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) using bacterial consortia
(Elsevier BV, 2024-9) Sirvas-Cornejo, Susana; Perochena-Escalante, Eduardo; Buleje-Alfaro, Vanesa
Deproteinization of shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) was achieved by biotechnological treatment using bacterial consortia. Five bacterial consortia (CB01, CB02, CB03, CB04 and CB05) were separately evaluated under a factorial design 23, including the effect of temperature (25 and 35 °C), time (16 and 24 h) and volume of inoculum (2 and 6 mL × 107 CFU/mL). Bacterial consortium CB05 showed the highest deproteinization (DP) effect. The best response was achieved at 35 °C, 6 × 107 CFU/mL, and 16 h of bioprocess. Protein content was reduced by 99.5 %. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Biotechnological recovery of chitin from crustacean waste
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Vicerectorado de Investigacion, 2020-3-4) Sirvas-Cornejo, Susana; Perochena-Escalante, Eduardo
Reviews on biotechnological chitin recovery from crustacean waste and other sources acknowledge. Most of the reviews conclude that although important results on chitin recovery have been achieved, there is still a need for better approaches to improve operational conditions of deproteinization and demineralization processes, such as time, carbon source, pH (initial and during fermentation), volume of inoculum, temperature, among others, in order to apply at industrial level, a bioprocess commercially and environmentally cost/effective viable. The present review aims to gather the most updated available information about research on biotechnological methods to recover chitin from crustacean waste, studied during the past 10 years, focussing on conditions applied to deproteinization (DP) and demineralization (DM), particularly on bioprocessing times and microbial species.
Cambios sensoriales, químicos y microbiológicos durante el almacenamiento de manto de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) a 0 y 5°C
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Vicerectorado de Investigacion, 2022-10-27) Pariona-Velarde, Daniel; Barriga-Sánchez, Maritza
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los cambios sensoriales, químicos y microbiológicos en manto de calamar gigante (Dosidicus gigas) con piel (CP) y sin piel (SP) almacenados en hielo (0 ± 1 ºC) por 19 días y en refrigeración (5 ± 1 ºC) por 8 días. La evaluación química se realizó mediante el análisis de nitrógeno de trimetilamina (N-TMA), nitrógeno de bases volátiles (N-BVT), relación de hipoxantina/adenosina monofosfato (Hx/AMP), pH, aminas biogénicas, y la evaluación microbiológica mediante el recuento de bacterias mesófilas, psicrófilas y enterobacterias. Las características sensoriales evaluadas fueron olor (crudo y cocido), sabor, textura y aceptabilidad general. Se utilizó el Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP) y la Correlación de Pearson (p<0.05) para encontrar la asociación entre el deterioro sensorial y los análisis químicos o microbiológicos. Se concluye que los análisis Log(Put+Cad+Hist), Log (Psicrófilos) y Log. (Mesófilos) serían los adecuados para describir los cambios en el manto de calamar gigante almacenados a 0 y 5 °C.
Caracterización de bacterias halotolerantes aisladas del proceso de salado madurado de Engraulis ringens (Jenyns, 1842) “anchoveta”
(Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, 2021-6-9) Céspedes-Chombo, Roxana; Iris Zavaleta, Amparo; Calderón-Toledo, Susana; Esquerre-Huallpa, Cynthia; Albrecht-Ruiz, Miguel
The objective of this research was to characterize halotolerant bacteria isolated from the ripened salty process of Engraulis ringens from a fishing company at Chimbote (Peru). For this, three fish samples were collected at the beginning and at the end of the process. 14 halotolerant bacteria were isolated, 12 from medium containing 5% NaCl and two from 10% NaCl. Its growth capacity was evaluated from 4 to 50 ° C and 2.5 to 12.5% NaCl, as well as its biochemical activity by oxidase, urease, indole and citrate tests, carbohydrate fermentation, hydrolysis of starch, casein and gelatin, and sensitivity to penicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, tetracycline, rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, and novobiocin. 71% of strains grew from 25 to 44 ° C, up to 10% NaCl, and showed proteolytic and amylolytic activities. The molecular characterization was carried out by amplification and sequencing the 16S ribosomal genes and these were analyzed using BioEdit and BLASTn programs. From this characterization, the genera Bacillus (2), Staphylococcus (6), Oceanobacillus (1), Salinococcus (1), Psychrobacter (2) and Sporosarcina (2) were obtained. Five genera of isolated halotolerant bacteria (Bacillus, Oceanobacillus, Salinicoccus, Psychrobacter and Sporosarcina) were of marine origin, they are non-pathogenic or no pollution indicators. Conversely, BH1 strain of Staphylococcus showed sensitivity only to nalidixic acid, while BH14 was resistant to all antimicrobials. Therefore, it is necessary to implement measures that ensure the safety of anchovies. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
CARACTERIZACIÓN ESTRUCTURAL, PRODUCCIÓN Y FENOLOGÍA REPRODUCTIVA DE Mauritia flexuosa L.f. "aguaje" EN PLANTACIONES FORESTALES DE JENARO HERRERA, LORETO, PERÚ
(Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana - IIAP, 2023-7-31) Freitas Alvarado, Luis; Del Castillo Torres, Dennis; Villacorta González, Carlos; Honorio Coronado, Eurídice N.
En este estudio, generamos información sobre las caracterı́sticas estructurales y la fenologı́a reproductiva del aguaje en seis plantaciones de 11,6 a 17 años establecidas en el Centro de Investigaciones Jenaro Herrera, Loreto, Perú. Realizamos observaciones y mediciones de la supervivencia de las plantas, sus caracterı́sticas estructurales y la fenologı́a. Los resultados muestran que la supervivencia de las plantas desde el inicio de la plantación varió desde 66% hasta 96%. La mayorı́a de las variables evaluadas no mostraron incremento con la edad de la plantación, a excepción de la altura promedio del estı́pite y la altura total que fueron mayores en las plantaciones de 17 años que en las plantaciones menores. La etapa reproductiva inició a los 6‑7 años con la floración de pocos individuos, mostrando un aumento en el número de plantas en floración en todas las plantaciones cada año. La floración y fructificación ocurrió anualmente, con sincronı́a en la floración de las plantas femeninas y masculinas. Sin embargo, algunas plantas no florecieron durante periodos de 1 a 3 años. El perı́odo de floración duró en promedio 58,2 ± 0,9 dı́as en las plantas femeninas y 55,1 ± 0,8 dı́as en las masculinas, mientras que la fructificación duró 275,0 ± 1,6 dı́as. La información obtenida contribuye al conocimiento silvicultural para el manejo del aguaje en plantaciones.
Characterization of Sludge Resulting from Chemical Coagulation and Electrocoagulation of Pumping Water from Fishmeal Factories
(MDPI AG, 2023-2-13) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Solari-Godiño, Armando; Cueva-Martínez, Miguel; Neyra-Ascón, Walter; Albrecht-Ruíz, Miguel
In the fishmeal industry, seawater is used to transport fish to the factories. Due to this, “pumping water” with high concentrations of organic matter is generated that is treated via chemical coagulation before letting it into the sea. The objective of this study is to characterize and compare the sludge obtained from conventional chemical coagulation and the sludge from the electrocoagulation process. A pilot electrocoagulation plant was built next to a chemical coagulation plant. The sludge obtained from both methodologies was analyzed for its proximal composition, its iron and aluminum content, and the fatty acid profile in its contained fat. Electrocoagulation was found to produce sludge with a higher concentration of lipids and ash, which indirectly confirmed that it removes more organic pollutants and salts than chemical coagulation. The contents of aluminum and iron in the sludge obtained by electrocoagulation were 4.2% and 0.025%, respectively, while those in the sludge obtained from chemical coagulation were 0.01% and 4.8%, respectively. Aluminum comes from the sacrificial electrode of the electrocoagulation tank, while iron comes from the salts used in chemical coagulation. The sum of w-3 fatty acid values (EPA + DHA) was 12.5% and 18.8% for sludges from the electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation processes, respectively, so we can assume that electrocoagulation is a more oxidizing process than chemical coagulation. Due to their high organic load, both sludges must be assessed as an alternative feed ingredient.
Chazuta: subnational governments and internationalization of the agro-industrial value chain
(Emerald, 2019-10-21) Cajavilca, Alberto Carlo; Tostes, Marta
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and contribution of San Martin and Chazuta subnational governments in promoting development and internationalization of the cocoa and chocolate value chain from the stakeholders’ perceptions. This work was based on a qualitative approach in which information triangulation method, information processing with evaluation rubric and WebQDA software were used. The results showed that stakeholders of both value chains perceive that the subnational government’s actions taken to develop and internationalize these value chains are poorly valued and insufficient. Likewise, six internationalization barriers were identified in which two are perceived as the main limitations: low productivity levels and access to innovations and technology. These results contribute to enrich the decision-making process of political authorities and public officials from the San Martin subnational governments. Moreover, they provide information, according to the Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve the governmental services available, especially productive activities in the rainforest area (Presidencia del Consejo de Ministros, 2015; Wiener Fresco, 2010). This can improve or create new extension services to increase the quality of the Chazuta’s cocoa and chocolate products and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets (Shapira, y otros, 2015). Design/methodology/approach This paper has been developed by using a qualitative approach with an exploratory and descriptive scope. The objective was to examine a study case of how subnational governments contribute in the promotion of development and internationalization of agro-industrial value chains as alternatives to illicit crops (Hernandez, Fernandez, & Baptista, 2010). The Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of coca eradication and is located between two regions of high biodiversity – Cordillera Escalera Regional Conservation Area and Cordillera Azul National Park. Findings One of the issues hindering the ability of the Chazuta cocoa and chocolate producers is based on their perception that the subnational governments’ efforts are focused on meeting already-established goals and little emphasis is placed on solving productive problems. On the other hand, at an articulation level, the most relevant efforts have been connecting the cocoa and chocolate customers to Chazuta producers through events. In spite of this, such events are not considered a permanent activity and the producers do not perceive that these mechanisms enable them to maintain these long-term trade relationships. This can be explained by the fact that Chazuta cocoa and chocolate organizations recognize that they still have incipient productive capacities to meet the foreign market’s demand. Furthermore, associations, cooperatives and SMEs are not able to maintain constant levels of production quality, except the family-based business. Knowledge and techniques provided by subnational governments and private organizations are not fully used or implemented by the associations’ members. This low level of knowledge application can be explained by cultural factors and also because the producers receive multiple and sometimes contradictory information from various providers of technology extension services. This leads to inadequate use or non-implementation of productivity improvements, thus generating a virtuous circle in which production and quality of the goods remain at low levels, which hinders their entry into demanding and profitable markets. Research limitations/implications This paper has been developed with a qualitative approach considering an exploratory and descriptive scope. Chazuta case was selected because it is representative of the region in terms of eradication achievements and it is located between two regions of high biodiversity. A rubric is an evaluation method of individuals or organizations performance, taking into consideration the evaluator’s pre-established criteria to determine if the objectives and goals are being met. Based on these criteria, evidence and performance information is collected. Following, performance is graded based on the researcher’s predetermined criteria and finally a merit-based judgment is made on the performance. Practical implications The results contribute to enrich decision making of political authorities and public officials from San Martin subnational governments. They provide information, according to Peruvian national requirements, on the perceptions needed to rethink and improve provided government services, especially in rainforest area productive activities. This adds up to improvement or creation of new extension services to increase the quality of Chazuta’s cocoa and chocolate products, and to facilitate their entry into more demanding and profitable markets. Social implications The situation of San Martín region and Chazuta district is contextualized and emphasis is given to socioeconomic conditions and the value of cocoa as an alternative crop to coca. From 1980 to early 2000, Peru lived a period of generalized violence due to narcoterrorism, which had large-scale outreach in southern highland and rainforest areas. To deal with this situation, subnational governments in collaboration with international cooperation decided to consolidate agro-industrial value chains in order to generate legal income for rural populations. For this purpose, alternative crop policies were implemented and San Martin region achieved the best results. Originality/value This fieldwork was carried out as part of the undergraduate thesis but after fieldwork, with the use of online software tool WebQDA, codes were created to systematize and quantify the collected information in the content manager. The codes were created taking into account assessment and evaluation variables. Each value represented a code referred to a performance level as perceived by Chazuta cocoa and chocolate value chains stakeholders.
Chemical Composition of Light and Dark Muscle of Peruvian Anchovy (Engraulis ringens) and Its Seasonal Variation
(Informa UK Limited, 2015-2-4) Albrecht-Ruiz, Miguel; Salas-Maldonado, Alberto
Este estudio analiza la composición química del músculo claro y oscuro de Engraulis ringens (anchoveta peruana) y su variación estacional entre el invierno de 2010 y el otoño de 2011. Las muestras fueron obtenidas en la zona de Pisco y se evaluaron en cuanto a composición proximal, perfil de ácidos grasos y aminoácidos, y contenido mineral. Los resultados mostraron diferencias estacionales significativas en humedad, grasa y proteína, con menor contenido lipídico durante el periodo de desove. El músculo oscuro presentó mayores niveles de grasa, especialmente triglicéridos, y concentraciones más altas de hierro y cobre, mientras que el músculo claro fue más rico en potasio y magnesio. Ambos tipos de músculo mostraron altas proporciones de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, destacando EPA y DHA, lo que refleja un elevado valor nutricional. Los aminoácidos esenciales se presentaron en proporciones similares a las de harinas de pescado comerciales. Estos resultados proporcionan información de base para la valorización y el aprovechamiento de E. ringens como recurso alimentario.
Combining Effluent Treatment Methods to Remove Ammonia Nitrogen from Tannery Wastewater
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2024-12-1) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis
This study assessed the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater by combining electrocoagulation, ozonation, and ion exchange technologies. For this purpose, an electrocoagulation reactor equipped with aluminum electrodes, an ozonation tank, and a filtration system with zeolite were employed. The electrocoagulation treatment applied the response surface methodology with a 3k factorial design with the following two factors: current intensity (I) ranging from 3 to 7A, and treatment time (t) from 10 to 30 min; the removal percentage of total suspended solids (TSS) is set as a response variable. Results indicate that the treatment time and current intensity were significant for the removal of total suspended solids TSS, at a confidence level of p < 0,05. Under these conditions, a TSS, removal efficiency of 98% was achieved. Through the electrocoagulation process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 58%, while in the ozonation tank, an additional 23% of COD was removed. The filtration stage demonstrated that 13X HP zeolite can exchange ions with the ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater, wherein a 39% removal efficiency is reached at equilibrium. Thus, the integration of various treatment methods is a viable alternative to reduce wastewater from the tannery industry. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of three methods for treating tannery wastewater. The results show that the combination of these treatments provides a more effective solution for removing the pollutant load, especially nitrogen, compared to the use of individual treatment methods alone. The study opens new perspectives for optimizing multi-stage treatment processes. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Comparative chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of essential oil and oleoresin from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. leaves
(Editorial CSIC, 2025-06-30) Barriga-Sánchez, Maritza Elizabeth; Arpi Anco, Eliud Dennis; Cueva-Martínez, Pedro Miguel; Medina-Cáceres, Erika Amalia; Varas Condori, Miguel Angel
The Eucalyptus globulus is a tree which is cultivated in Peru for its wood, while its leaves are often discarded. This study compared the extraction yield, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of essential oil and oleoresin obtained from the leaves. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation (1.62 % yield), and oleoresins were obtained using supercritical CO2, with and without ethanol as a co-solvent (yield up to 8.96 %). GC-MS analysis identified 1,8-cineole as the major compound in the essential oil and in the oleoresin extracted with supercritical CO2+ethanol. The essential oil showed a higher monoterpene content (80.33 %), while the oleoresins were richer in sesquiterpenes (up to 63.68 %). The total phenolic content was significantly higher in the oleoresin (5.05-11.30 mg GAE/g) than in the essential oil (0.25 mg GAE/g). Antioxidant capacity was also significantly higher in the oleoresins. These findings highlight the potential of E. globulus oleoresin as a natural antioxidant for food and pharmaceutical applications.

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