ARTÍCULOS CIENTÍFICOS

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Subcomunidad de artículos científicos publicados por el ITP red CITE y aliados. Incluye versiones enviada, aceptada y publicada, conforme a dc.type.version.

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A New Species of Mymarothecium tantaliani n. sp (Monogenea: Dactylogiridae) in the Gills of Gamitana Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier) from Madre de Dios, Peru
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2020-07-12) Cayulla-Quispe, David; Mondragón-Martínez, Aarón Maguín; Rojas-De-Los-Santos, Estrellita; García-Candela, Jose Luis Enrique; Babilonia-Medina, Jorge; Martínez-Rojas, Rosa
Introduction: Members of the genus Mymarothecium Kritsky, Boeger & Jégu, 1996 infect characiform fish in the Amazon River Basin. Although the Peruvian Amazon hosts rich fauna of fish, the taxonomic diversity of parasitic organisms such as Mymarothecium has been few explored. A new species of Mymarothecium in Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, from the southeast of the Peruvian Amazon, is described. Methods: Monogeneans were isolated from gills of C. macropomum, fixed in formaldehyde in 4% solution. For morphological examinations were stained with Gomori’s trichrome and others were clarified with Hoyer’s medium. Results: Mymarothecium is the third species of the genus recorded in C. macropomum. These new species have been characterized by a slightly sigmoid male copulatory organ (MCO) and the accessory piece with sinuous distal rod with hook-shaped process and a bifurcation in the middle part. Furthermore, the anteromedial projection of the ventral rod has a small conspicuous filament in both anchors. Conclusions: With the description of this new species, eight species of Mymarothecium have been reported in fish of the Serrasalmidae family originating in the Amazon. © 2021 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Acción bactericida del cloruro de plata y cloruro de sodio en filetes de pescado.
(ITP red CITE, 1994) Ayala-Galdós, María Estela; Sánchez-Hernandez, Jorge Luis
Se investigó la acción microbicida de soluciones de cloruro de plata y cloruro de sodio (CPS) como solución de lavado por inmersión de filetes de lisa (Mugil cephaluss y caballa (Scomber japonicus peruanusi a tres concentraciones: 0.1 y 30 mg/1 (Ml), 0.2 y 60 mg/1 (M2) y 0.3 y 90 mg/1 (M3) de cloruro de plata y sodio respectivamente. La población bacteriana psicrófila y mesófila fue específicamente. reducida entre rangos de >1 y 2< log 10 UFC/g, resultando de mayor eficacia los tratamientos M2 y M3. Los indicadores de contaminación fecal más sensibles fueronlos estreptococos. Ninguno de los tratamientos con CPS fueron efectivos para muestras previamente inoculadas con los patógenos Vibrio cholerae y Staphylococcus aureus.
Acción de los Lípidos y Aminas en la Reacción de Coloración Superficial de la Sardina Enlatada
(ITP red CITE, 1984) Wakao, Angélica; Pazos, Melva
Se estudió a los principales elementos que intervienen en la reacción de coloración superficial en la sardina enlatada, provocando la formación de pigmentos mediante sistemas de reacciones-modelos con azúcares, aminas volátiles, aminas no volátiles y la grasa de la sardina; así como con el músculo de la sardina. Los pigmentos se fraccionaron de acuerdo a su solubilidad, en hidrofílicos y lipofílicos, lográndose identificar que los pigmentos de la conserva de sardina son mayormente del tipo lipofílico y que su formación se halla influenciada por la presencia de oxígeno y grasa. Los datos indican que son las aminas volátiles —trimetilamina, dimetilamina y amoníaco— las que reaccionan directamente con la grasa oxidada y que la temperatura acelera estas reacciones.
Aceptabilidad de galletas enriquecidas con hierro en diferentes concentraciones de harina de macroalga (Chondracanthus chamissoi - Yuyo)
(ITP red CITE, 2021-10-05) Mendez-Ancca, Sheda; Castro-Arata, Daphne Heela; Llamoca-Dominguez, Edwin; Condori-Apaza, Renée Mauricio; Maron-Llanos, Henry Paul
Las macroalgas como el yuyo Chondracanthus chamissoi, tienen un elevado contenido de macro y micronutrientes, por ello deben considerarse su adición en los alimentos para elevar el nivel nutricional de los mismos. El objetivo consistió en determinar la concentración óptima o adecuada para la aceptabilidad de las galletas enriquecidas, elaboradas con tres concentraciones diferentes de harina de alga marina C. chamissoi yuyo del 3,4%, 6,28 % y 9,13% y harina de maíz (Zea mays), harina de cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule), harina de trigo (Triticum aestivum), evaluando el grado de aceptabilidad que fue determinado por 39 panelistas y la composición nutricional. En el proceso de elaboración de la galleta enriquecida, los resultados demostraron que la formulación con la adición del 6,28 % de harina de alga yuyo, presentaron una mayor aceptabilidad entre los panelistas. Presentando los siguientes indicadores organolépticos, olor (3,74), color (3,54). sabor (4,10), textura (3,97) para una escala hedónica de 5 puntos. Lo que indica que, al utilizar la harina de C. chamissoi yuyo, no interfiere en las características sensoriales finales.
Actividad antibacteriana de extractos metanólicos de pepino de mar (Pattalus mollis) frente a bacterias patógenas
(Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Vicerectorado de Investigacion, 2019-10-10) Díaz-Sol-Sol, Katia; Sánchez-Robinet, Claudia; Pariona-Velarde, Carlos Daniel; Londoñe-Bailon, Ruben Pablo
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la actividad antibacteriana de extractos de metanol y metanol-cloroformo de tegumento, gónada y víscera de Pattalus mollis. Se recolectaron 50 especímenes en la bahía de Pucusana, Perú, se diseccionaron longitudinalmente por la zona ventral del tegumento y se retiraron los órganos internos (víscera, gónada). Las muestras fueron secadas hasta un 10% de humedad, molidas y almacenadas en congelación. Los extractos fueron obtenidos mediante maceración empleando metanol y cloroformo. La evaluación in vitro se realizó mediante el método de microdilución en caldo, los extractos se diluyeron en siete concentraciones (3.9-250 mg/ml) y evaluados frente a Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 14775 y Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC 17749. Los extractos metanólicos presentaron inhibición bacteriana frente a las tres bacterias demostrando poseer un efecto bactericida y bacteriostático contra bacterias grampositivas y gramnegativas. Los extractos de víscera, gónada y tegumento presentaron una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 62.5 mg/ml o más frente a P. aeruginosa, V. alginolyticus y S. aureus. Los resultados sugieren que el pepino de mar P. mollis, proveniente de las costas peruana, es un candidato novedoso para la obtención de compuestos antibacterianos.
Alfa tocoferol y su efecto sinérgico sobre la oxidación de los lípidos de la piel de sardina
(ITP red CITE, 2003) Vicetti, Rodolfo; Ishitani, Takasuke; Salas-Maldonado, Alberto Clemente; Ayala-Galdós, María Estela
Se determinó la efectividad de alfa-tocoferol (T) en concentraciones de 0,01 %, 0,1%,1,0% y 10%; combinado con al accion sigergica de lecitina (L) y ácido ascórbico (AA).
Analysis of the complete organellar genomes of the economically valuable kelp Lessonia spicata (Lessoniaceae, Phaeophyceae) from Chile
(Informa UK Limited, 2019-07-03) Tineo, Daniel; Rubio, Karol B.; Melendez, Jegnes B.; Mendoza, Jani E.; Silva, Jhonsy O.; Perez, Jhordy; Esquerre, Eggleantina E.; Perez-Alania, Melissa; Fernandez, Samia L.; Aguilar, Smith E.; Chuquizuta, Fernando; Olano, Yadira M.; Hoyos, Renzo P.; Veneros, Jaris E.; Garcia, Ligia M.; Arakaki, Natalia; García-Candela, Jose Luis Enrique; Oliva, Manuel; Mansilla, Andres; Calderon, Martha S.; Hughey, Jeffery R.; Bustamante, Danilo E.
Lessonia spicata (Suhr) Santelices is the most ecologically and economically important kelp from Pacific South America. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and evolutionary systematics of the species by performing high throughput sequencing on L. spicata from Valparaiso, Chile. The L. spicata complete mitogenome is 37,097 base pairs (bp) in length and contains 66 genes (GenBank accession MK965907), the complete plastid genome is 130,305 bp and has 173 genes (accession MK965908), and the data assembled 7,630 bp of the nuclear ribosomal cistron (accession MK965909). The organellar genomes are similar in structure and content to others published from the Laminariales. © 2019 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Analysis of the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by farmers of the Camaná Valley
(FapUNIFESP (SciELO), 2025) Zegarra-Flores, Jorge Arturo; Condori-Ramos, A. R.; Coloma-Dongo, Froy Engelbert; Calizaya-Llatasi, Elmer Elio; Calizaya-Llatasi, Fredy Grimaldo; Mindani-Cáceres, Carmen Gisela; Caira-Mamani, Cirilo Mario; Ore-Areche, Franklin; Paricanaza-Ticona, Danitza Corina; Tito-Quispe, Edson Efraín; Leon-Gomez, Rodolfo
In the last 30 years, rice production in Peru has grown 4.88 times. Rice in the Camaná Valley of the department of Arequipa is one of the most important food crops in the regional economy with a world record in yield for paddy rice. The objective was to analyze the innovation system in the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones rice varieties by rice farmers in the Camaná Valley and determine the impacts on improvements in the quality of life of farmers. This study used the innovation systems framework to explore four key aspects of innovation systems: Actors, the roles they play and the activities in which they are involved, attitudes and practices of the main actors, patterns of interaction between the main actors and the enabling environment. It was determined that the adoption of IR-43 (NIR) and Tinajones varieties was facilitated by the existence of a diversity of collective intelligence mechanisms to organize interactions for innovation, government actors have been identified (INIA, SENASA, Agrarian Agencies); private companies (CORDESA Camaná, commercial houses, phytosanitary companies), media, rice producers, a sociotechnical regime that constitutes the mills, financing entities, market information and marketing agents, forming a network of social and economic actors, which interact with each other for the adoption of rice varieties. The livelihoods of producers have been favored by human, social, natural, financial and political capital. The increase in yields and a better price of the product allows them to improve their economies.
Anchovy mince ( Engraulis ringens ) enriched with polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre: In vitro polyphenols bioaccessibility, antioxidant and physico-chemical properties
(Elsevier BV, 2017-12) Solari-Godiño, Armando; Pérez-Jiménez, Jara; Saura-Calixto, Fulgêncio D.; Borderías, Antonio Javier; Moreno, Helena María
The aim of this study was to evaluate technological and antioxidant properties, including in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols, conferred on raw anchovy mince by the addition of polyphenol-rich grape pomace dietary fibre at different concentrations. For this purpose, headed and gutted anchovy was heat-flayed, deboned and mixed with 0%, 2%, 3%, 4% grape pomace dietary fibre. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in the concentration of polyphenols and associated antioxidant capacity was detected when grape pomace dietary fibre was incorporated in a proportion of at least 2% of the final mixture. In vitro digestion showed that the higher the grape pomace dietary fibre content, the higher was the proportion of polyphenols reaching the large intestine. Additionally, it was observed that the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay seems to be more suitable for evaluating antioxidant capacity in this kind of samples than FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay. Technological properties such as mechanical and water holding, as well as sensory scores, indicated excellent qualities and acceptability of all samples. Hence, given the good acceptance of these samples, it should be feasible to make fish products based on mince anchovy as a means of increasing dietary intake of polyphenols with antioxidant capacity, especially considering the high concentration of polyphenols bioaccessible in the large intestine. © 2017 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Antifungal activity of plant extracts against Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Fusarium sp.: Effectiveness in controlling Erysiphe necator and phytotoxic effect on wheat seeds
(Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, 2025-08-08) Cáceres-Iparraguirre, Hanna; Bendezu-Ramos, Alex; Chávez-Orellana, Haydee; Surco-Laos, Felipe; García-Checcarelli, Jorge Antonio
The agricultural sector faces risks from damage caused by phytopathogens, and many farmers rely on synthetic fungicides to combat them. However, excessive use of these products pollutes the environment and promotes pathogen resistance. This study evaluated the mycelial growth inhibition of 57 plant extracts against Botrytis cinerea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, and Fusarium sp., and their efficacy in controlling Erysiphe necator in the field. It also evaluated their phytotoxic effect on wheat seeds and the identification of metabolites present in the extracts. The most effective extracts were those of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Conyza sumatrensis, Dysphania ambrosioides, Minthostachis mollis, Salvia sp., Pimpinella anisum, and Syzygium aromaticum. The P. anisum extract exhibited the greatest inhibition of B. cinerea growth in tomatoes, while the most effective extracts against E. necator were P. anisum, C. sumatrensis, and S. aromaticum. Furthermore, the A. artemisiifolia extract exhibited phytotoxic effects on wheat seed growth. Flavonoids, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, leucoanthocyanidins, coumarins, and saponins were identified as the main metabolites in the extracts. These results offer viable alternatives for controlling phytopathogenic fungi using plant extracts, contributing to a more sustainable agriculture that is less dependent on chemicals.
Antiviral activity of the sea cucumber tegument extract (Pattalus mollis) on human rotavirus A (RVA)
(Informa UK Limited, 2019-09-09) García-Candela, Jose Luis Enrique; Pariona-Velarde, Carlos Daniel; Mondragón-Martínez, Aarón Maguín; Chumpitaz-Cerrate, Victor
The antiviral effect against RVA in cell culture was evaluated by using an aqueous extract of Patallus mollis sea cucumber, applying the titration methodology. This technique is used to measures the ability of the extract dilutions to inhibit the cytopathic effect (CPE) of the virus, expressed as percentage of inhibition (IP). The mean extract cytotoxic concentration (CC50) used in the antiviral assay was 27,042.10 μg/mL and the PI of the antiviral activity extract was greater than 99.9% for each concentration. To determine the viral action mode, the cells were previously treated with the extracts in different stages during the viral infection cycle. The result analysis suggests that the extract inhibits 99% of the virus during the absorption and viral inactivation phase. These results show the P. mollis extract has a remarkable antiviral effect against the RVA in cell culture. So that, it is crucial to investigate its action mechanisms. © 2021 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Aplicación del método del índice de calidad de pota (Dosidicus gigas)
(ITP red CITE, 2004) Ordoñez-Ramos-de-Cano, Leny Rosario; Plácido-Cárdenas, Manuel
Se analizó la vida útil de calamar gigante mantenido en hielo. La evaluación sensorial se realizó mediante el método del Indice de calidad (MIC, escala 0-14) y una prueba de olor y sabor en producto cocido.
Aplicación del método del índice de calidad en pulpo (Octopus mimus)
(ITP red CITE, 2007) Bellido, Rocio; Ordoñez-Ramos-de-Cano, Leny Rosario; Plácido-Cárdenas, Manuel
Se estudió la vida útil del pulpo almacenado en hielo, mediante el Método del Índice de Calidad (MIC, escala 0-17), correlacionando los atributos sensoriales con indicadores químicos. Los resultados indicaron que las muestras de pulpo almacenadas en hielo, mantuvieron condiciones de aceptabilidad al consumo humano entre 10 a 12 días, mientras que el ph no mostró mayor variabilidad, por lo que no podrían ser utilizados como un indicador de deterioro en esta especie. Los resultados indicaron también que los análisis de BVN y TMA sugieren que estos parámetros químicos son efectivos para la evaluación de frescura del pulpo, mostrando buena correlación con los indicadores sensoriales durante el almacenamiento en hielo.
Application of emerging non-thermal pre-germination technologies to optimise the germination of Andean pseudocereals and their use in gluten-free baked products
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2026-05-22) Díaz-Llocclla, Marianela; Barriga-Sánchez, Maritza Elizabeth; Calandri, Edgardo; Silvera-Otañe, Gian; Asto-Rodriguez, Emerson Maximo
This review examines three Andean pseudocereals: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen), and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.). The focus is on the changes achieved through germination, enhanced by the use of emerging technologies applied as a pre-treatment. These grains are characterized by high-quality proteins with a complete essential amino acid profile, significant dietary fiber content, and diverse bioactive compounds with antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties. This review covers conventional germination methods and parameters and explores emerging non-thermal technologies used as a pre-germination step. Although substantial research has investigated these technologies in quinoa, studies on kañiwa and kiwicha remain limited. Current evidence indicates that technologies such as ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, cold plasma, and magnetic fields can optimize enzymatic activity, reduce antinutrient content, and promote the synthesis of functional compounds. Gluten-free baked products made from germinated flour demonstrate improvements in rheological, textural, and sensory properties. However, challenges persist in defining industrial-scale parameters and addressing the high manufacturing costs of gluten-free products. A bibliometric analysis shows an increasing global interest in gluten-free products, creating commercial opportunities for these Andean pseudocereals. Kañiwa is identified as particularly promising due to its climatic resilience and nutritional value. The conclusion emphasizes the need for further research to optimize processing protocols and validate scaling approaches, thereby enhancing the contribution of pseudocereals to global food security and sustainable development.
Aqueous biphasic systems based on Pluronics: An overview of the last 10 years
(Elsevier BV, 2025-06) Andrade, Nádia G.; Torquato, Isabelle O.; Lino, Nayara K.B.; Pillaca-Pullo, Omar Santiago; Veríssimo, Nathalia V.P.; Maia, Alana M.M.; Brown, Stuart J.; Jorge, Alexandre M.S.; Santos-Ebinuma, Valéria C.; Greaves, Tamar L.; Roberto, Inês C.; Pereira, Jorge F.B.; Rangel-Yagui, Carlota O.; Lopes, André M
This review explores the significant advancements achieved with the use of Pluronic® triblock copolymers in aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) for biomolecule extraction and processing. Pluronic-based ABS, characterized by their superior stability and selectivity, have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional ABS. Harnessing the unique amphiphilic nature of Pluronic copolymers, these systems enable stable liquid–liquid phase separation, making them highly suitable for the selective extraction of diverse biomolecules. The review highlights several advantages of Pluronic-based ABS, including their versatility based on its PEOXPPOYPEOX (ABA) structure, enhanced partitioning efficiency, selective extraction, low shear stress, and structural stability. Additionally, they offer excellent solute recovery and the potential for biomolecule encapsulation within Pluronic micelles. Although high costs and complex formulations present challenges, the remarkable benefits position Pluronic-based ABS as invaluable tools in biomolecular research and across the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. This review provides in-depth insights into recent advancements and the growing potential of Pluronic-based ABS in the evolving fields of biomolecule extraction, purification, and nanoencapsulation. © 2025 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Aspectos bioquímicos y cambios post mortem del filete de paiche (Arapaima gigas) almacenado en hielo
(ITP red CITE, 2004) Salas-Maldonado, Alberto Clemente; Barriga-Sánchez, Maritza Elizabeth
Se obtuvieron datos iniciales sobre la composición química proximal, contenido de macro y micronutrientes, metales pesados y perfil de ácidos grasos de paiche. Por contenido graso, la especie puede ser considerada magra; los valores de metales pesados no sobrepasan los límites recomendados y los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados representan el 24% del total.
Aspectos de actividad proteolítica en el músculo de pota (Dosidicus gigas)
(ITP red CITE, 2006) Solari-Godiño, Armando; Albrecht-Ruíz, Victor Miguel
Se estudiaron aspectos sobre la actividad proteolítica en el manto de pota o calamar gigante evaluando los efectos de pH y temperatura, asi como la adición de inhibidores de grado alimentario (albúmina de huevo y plasma de bovino) y tampones citrato-fosfato.
Aspectos Microbiológicos de lo s Embutidos de Pescado Almacenado a so 200 y 300C
(ITP red CITE, 1984) Rado, Edgar; Shimabukuro, Roberto
Se efectuó un estudio de almacenamiento, evaluando los cambios microbiológicos, la apariencia general y la flora microbiana presente en embutidos de pescado; mezcla de sardina (Sardinops sagax sagax) 67 %, lisa (Mugil cephalus) 33 %, con sorbato de potasio (20 ppm) como preservador. Se demuestra que un embutido con empaque impermeable y sellado, mantenido a 30 °C, se altera entre 3 y 5 días de almacenamiento. A 20 °C conserva sus condiciones originales durante 15 días y a 5 °C durante 35 días, sin mostrar signos de alteración. La flora microbiana responsable del deterioro del embutido estuvo compuesta por Bacillus cereus (71.23 %), Bacillus pumilus (10.96 %), Bacillus megaterium (2.74 %) y Bacillus no determinados (15.07 %). Las cepas de Bacillus cereus sometidas a pruebas de termorresistencia demostraron soportar tratamientos de 117 °C por 15 y 20 min.
Assessment of tannery effluents quality treated by electrocoagulation and ozonation: Physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterization
(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-07-22) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Buleje-Del-Carpio, Robert
Tannery effluents are characterized by their high toxicity and complex pollutant load, posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. Although conventional treatment processes often achieve regulatory standards for pollutant concentrations, they do not necessarily guarantee the reduction of effluent toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of tannery effluents treated by electrocoagulation (EC) and the combined electrocoagulation-ozonation (ECO) process, while analyzing the associated toxicity reduction, in order to determine the suitability of these technologies for application and ensure environmental protection of receiving water bodies. For this purpose, tannery wastewater was treated sequentially using an electrocoagulation reactor followed by an ozonation system, yielding three sample types: raw (C), electrocoagulation-treated (EC), and electrocoagulation-ozonation treated (ECO). Physicochemical parameters were measured, toxicity was assessed through bioassays with Lactuca sativa and Eisenia fetida, and chemical changes were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. EC achieved 96.4% removal of total suspended solids (TSS), 30.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 99% of chromium, while ozonation further removed 10% of COD and 99% of sulfides. Toxicity assays indicated a reduction from 23.89 toxicity units (TUs) in the raw effluent to 8.32 TUs after EC and 11.12 TUs after ECO. The slight increase in toxicity after ozonation was associated with elevated ammoniacal nitrogen levels and the formation of new functional groups, as evidenced by the FTIR spectrum. Despite significant pollutant removal, the results highlight that treated effluents may still present residual toxicity, emphasizing the need for complementary treatment strategies to achieve true environmental safety.
Assessment of the Hazard and Ecotoxicity of the Residues of Paiche Leather Dyed with Natural and Synthetic Colourants: A Focus on Environmental Sustainability
(idd3, 2024-05-17) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Paucar-Palomino, Michel Jazmín; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Requena-Sánchez, Norvin Plumieer
The aim of this research was to assess the hazardousness and ecotoxicity of paiche leather (Arapaima gigas) dyed with natural colourants (turmeric and purple corn) versus synthetic colourants (anilines). To determine hazardousness, the methodology included the assessment of flammability, corrosivity, reactivity to H2S and HCN, toxicity from metals, and organic compounds of dyed leather. Additionally, its ecotoxicity was determined using the California red worm (Eisenia fetida) as a bioindicator through a bioassay, with treatments at 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.20 g of leather/g of substrate, including undyed leather and a negative control in the investigation. The hazardousness analysis results indicated that leather samples dyed with both natural and synthetic colourants are not hazardous. However, the concentrations of chromium, nickel, cadmium, and lead exceed the permitted values for their use in footwear according to the European Union. Regarding ecotoxicity, the results demonstrate that acute toxicity to E. fetida is lower for natural colourants compared to synthetic colourants, where 100% mortality occurs at concentrations between 0.04 and 0.08 g of leather/g of the substrate. Concerning chronic toxicity, after 12 weeks of exposure, the tolerance concentration for undyed paiche leather is 0.035 g of leather/g of the substrate, and for leather dyed with purple corn and turmeric, it is 0.2 g of leather/g of the substrate. It is shown that the active compounds of natural colourants have a positive effect on worm survival, and it is concluded that paiche leather dyed with these colourants presents environmental advantages over leather dyed with synthetic colourants.

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