Browsing by Author "Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis"

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Assessment of tannery effluents quality treated by electrocoagulation and ozonation: Physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterization
(Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2025-07-22) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Buleje-Del-Carpio, Robert
Tannery effluents are characterized by their high toxicity and complex pollutant load, posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems. Although conventional treatment processes often achieve regulatory standards for pollutant concentrations, they do not necessarily guarantee the reduction of effluent toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of tannery effluents treated by electrocoagulation (EC) and the combined electrocoagulation-ozonation (ECO) process, while analyzing the associated toxicity reduction, in order to determine the suitability of these technologies for application and ensure environmental protection of receiving water bodies. For this purpose, tannery wastewater was treated sequentially using an electrocoagulation reactor followed by an ozonation system, yielding three sample types: raw (C), electrocoagulation-treated (EC), and electrocoagulation-ozonation treated (ECO). Physicochemical parameters were measured, toxicity was assessed through bioassays with Lactuca sativa and Eisenia fetida, and chemical changes were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy. EC achieved 96.4% removal of total suspended solids (TSS), 30.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), and 99% of chromium, while ozonation further removed 10% of COD and 99% of sulfides. Toxicity assays indicated a reduction from 23.89 toxicity units (TUs) in the raw effluent to 8.32 TUs after EC and 11.12 TUs after ECO. The slight increase in toxicity after ozonation was associated with elevated ammoniacal nitrogen levels and the formation of new functional groups, as evidenced by the FTIR spectrum. Despite significant pollutant removal, the results highlight that treated effluents may still present residual toxicity, emphasizing the need for complementary treatment strategies to achieve true environmental safety.
Assessment of the Hazard and Ecotoxicity of the Residues of Paiche Leather Dyed with Natural and Synthetic Colourants: A Focus on Environmental Sustainability
(idd3, 2024-05-17) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Paucar-Palomino, Michel Jazmín; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Requena-Sánchez, Norvin Plumieer
The aim of this research was to assess the hazardousness and ecotoxicity of paiche leather (Arapaima gigas) dyed with natural colourants (turmeric and purple corn) versus synthetic colourants (anilines). To determine hazardousness, the methodology included the assessment of flammability, corrosivity, reactivity to H2S and HCN, toxicity from metals, and organic compounds of dyed leather. Additionally, its ecotoxicity was determined using the California red worm (Eisenia fetida) as a bioindicator through a bioassay, with treatments at 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.20 g of leather/g of substrate, including undyed leather and a negative control in the investigation. The hazardousness analysis results indicated that leather samples dyed with both natural and synthetic colourants are not hazardous. However, the concentrations of chromium, nickel, cadmium, and lead exceed the permitted values for their use in footwear according to the European Union. Regarding ecotoxicity, the results demonstrate that acute toxicity to E. fetida is lower for natural colourants compared to synthetic colourants, where 100% mortality occurs at concentrations between 0.04 and 0.08 g of leather/g of the substrate. Concerning chronic toxicity, after 12 weeks of exposure, the tolerance concentration for undyed paiche leather is 0.035 g of leather/g of the substrate, and for leather dyed with purple corn and turmeric, it is 0.2 g of leather/g of the substrate. It is shown that the active compounds of natural colourants have a positive effect on worm survival, and it is concluded that paiche leather dyed with these colourants presents environmental advantages over leather dyed with synthetic colourants.
Combining Effluent Treatment Methods to Remove Ammonia Nitrogen from Tannery Wastewater
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2024-12-01) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis
This study assessed the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater by combining electrocoagulation, ozonation, and ion exchange technologies. For this purpose, an electrocoagulation reactor equipped with aluminum electrodes, an ozonation tank, and a filtration system with zeolite were employed. The electrocoagulation treatment applied the response surface methodology with a 3k factorial design with the following two factors: current intensity (I) ranging from 3 to 7A, and treatment time (t) from 10 to 30 min; the removal percentage of total suspended solids (TSS) is set as a response variable. Results indicate that the treatment time and current intensity were significant for the removal of total suspended solids TSS, at a confidence level of p < 0,05. Under these conditions, a TSS, removal efficiency of 98% was achieved. Through the electrocoagulation process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced by 58%, while in the ozonation tank, an additional 23% of COD was removed. The filtration stage demonstrated that 13X HP zeolite can exchange ions with the ammonia nitrogen from tannery wastewater, wherein a 39% removal efficiency is reached at equilibrium. Thus, the integration of various treatment methods is a viable alternative to reduce wastewater from the tannery industry. The novelty of this research lies in the integration of three methods for treating tannery wastewater. The results show that the combination of these treatments provides a more effective solution for removing the pollutant load, especially nitrogen, compared to the use of individual treatment methods alone. The study opens new perspectives for optimizing multi-stage treatment processes. © 2025 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Desarrollo tecnológico de la funcionalización de cuero con nanopartículas de óxidos semiconductores con propiedades fungicidas en la Curtiembre Austral SRL
(ITP red CITE, 2023-06-01) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Pariona-Mendoza, Nicolaza; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Salvatierra-Capcha, Licia Yanina; Ticla-Carhuavilca, Carlos Alberto; Gomez-León, Mónica; Latoure-Sanchez, Javier; Vasquez-Zegarra, Fabrizio Edgardo; Segundo-Espada, Abdón Senón Máximo; Solis-Veliz, Jose Luis
Desarrollo tecnológico de la obtención y aplicación de colorantes naturales en el teñido de piel curtida libre de cromo de Arapaima gigas (paiche) para la elaboración de artículos de calzado, vestimenta y marroquinería de alta moda
(ITP red CITE, 2021-09-24) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Lopez-Alvarez, Antony Jhair; Gomez-Ochante, Sandra; Paucar-Palomino, Michel Jazmín; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Ticla-Carhuavilca, Carlos Alberto; Segundo-Espada, Abdón Senón Máximo
Development of a Degreasing Process for Paiche Skins (Arapaima gigas) for Tanning Preserving the Natural Pattern and Color
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-06-30) Segundo-Espada, Abdón Senón Máximo; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Contreras-Panizo, Rosa
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEGREASING PROCESS FOR PAICHE SKINS (Arapaima gigas) FOR TANNING PRESERVING THE NATURAL PATTERN AND COLOR ABSTRACT. The utilization of Amazonian fish skins, like paiche, to obtain leather, has been gaining importance in Peru. The beauty of the pattern of this fish skin comes from its light beige color and the black strip that runs through its back. This research aimed to develop a degreasing process for the tanning of paiche skin, that allows to preserve its natural pattern and color in the finished leather. For this purpose, a mixture of degreasers, diesel oil, lipases, and surfactants was used. In tanned skins, physical-mechanical properties, such as tear strength, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and shrinkage temperature, were evaluated. The presence of fishy smell in tanned paiche skins was evaluated through an analysis of fat content, fatty acid profiles, and sensorial tests. Besides, wastewater of the process was characterized to determine BOD5, COD, TSS, oils, and greases, TPH, phenols, and pH. This wastewater was treated by a laboratory-scale system, based on sedimentation, sifting, and flocculation-coagulation. As a result, a degreasing process using 8% of diesel oil, 18% of surfactants and 1.2% of lipidic enzymes, applied in cycles before and after the pickling process, was established. This process allowed the conservation of pattern and color of skin and the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids that cause the fishy smell in the leather, which complied with physical-mechanical standards for making footwear, bags, and clothing. Thus, a reduction in the pollutant charge in wastewater was achieved to acceptable environmental levels. © 2020 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Estimation of the Allowable Concentration of Chlorides in Soaking Effluents from the Tanning Process Using Ecotoxicological Tools
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-12-15) Mogollon-Ropa, Ruth; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Contreras-Panizo, Rosa; Buleje-Del-Carpio, Robert
The use of sodium chloride for the preservation of pelts and skins destined for tanning is a very widespread technique in Peru, therefore the quantities used of this salt represent high concentrations of chlorides in the liquid effluents that are generated, which can affect the environmental quality of ecosystems and human health. The present study aimed to estimate an allowable concentration of chlorides in tanning effluents using ecotoxicological tools so that it would serve as a guide for the tanning industry and the authorities in their efforts to establish better conservation practices and effluent control parameters, which are currently absent from national environmental legislation. The permissible concentration of chlorides was determined using bioassays with seeds of Lactuca sativa species (lettuce), which was exposed to soaking effluents obtained from local tanneries. The studied species was determined based on sensitivity tests to zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) applied to three commercial lettuce species. The selected lettuce seed presented a germination rate higher than 90%, a CV lower than 30% and an IC50 of 38.97 mg/L of Zn+2 with a confidence interval between 19.30 mg/L and 58.65 mg/L of Zn+2. The admissible guide concentration determined for chlorides in soaking effluents from IC50 was 582.30 mg/L with a minimum value of 258.45 mg/L and a maximum of 906.15 mg/L. Additionally, because of the presence of other pollutants in the soaking effluents, such as bactericides, organic matter, enzymes and salts added in soaking process, tests with synthetic solutions of sodium chloride at the same concentrations of the soaking effluents were conducted, to evaluate the effect produced by those substances.
Evaluación de la peligrosidad y ecotoxicidad de los residuos de cuero de paiche teñido con colorantes naturales y sintéticos: un enfoque en la sostenibilidad ambiental
(ITP red CITE, 2026-05-20) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Paucar-Palomino, Michel Jazmín; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Requena-Sánchez, Norvin Plumieer
El estudio evaluó la peligrosidad y ecotoxicidad de residuos de cuero de paiche (Arapaima gigas) teñido con colorantes naturales —cúrcuma y maíz morado— y colorantes sintéticos tipo anilina. Se caracterizaron los colorantes, se evaluó la calidad del cuero y se determinaron las características de inflamabilidad, corrosividad, reactividad y toxicidad asociada con metales y compuestos orgánicos. La ecotoxicidad aguda y crónica se analizó mediante bioensayos con la lombriz Eisenia fetida, empleando concentraciones de 0,02 a 0,20 g de cuero por gramo de sustrato. Los residuos no presentaron características de inflamabilidad, corrosividad ni reactividad; sin embargo, se identificaron concentraciones de cromo, níquel, plomo y cadmio superiores a los límites establecidos por la Unión Europea para artículos de calzado. Los cueros teñidos con colorantes naturales mostraron propiedades de calidad comparables a las obtenidas con colorantes sintéticos y una menor ecotoxicidad aguda y crónica. En particular, los residuos teñidos con cúrcuma y maíz morado presentaron una mayor concentración tolerable y favorecieron la supervivencia de las lombrices durante la exposición prolongada. Los resultados respaldan el uso de colorantes naturales como una alternativa tecnológica más sostenible para el teñido de cuero de paiche, aunque evidencian la necesidad de controlar la presencia de metales en el producto final.
Evaluation of effluent treatment from paiche skin dyeing with juglone using electrocoagulation and ozonation: Removal performance and toxicity on Lactuca sativa
(Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology, 2026-07-01) Perez-Muñoz, Delia; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar
The application of walnut-based dyes in leather dyeing represents a less polluting process compared to the use of synthetic dyes; however, it still requires the evaluation and treatment of the generated effluents. The present study evaluated the efficiency of COD removal through the application of electrocoagulation and ozonation processes for the treatment of effluents generated during the dyeing of paiche skins using a walnut leaf-based dye. Subsequently, bioassays using Lactuca sativa seeds were conducted to assess the toxicity of both treated and untreated effluents, as well as the natural walnut-based dye and reference synthetic dyes. Optimal conditions for the electrocoagulation process were identified at a treatment time of 30 min and a current intensity of 7 A, achieving a COD removal efficiency of 51.67%. The application of ozonation as a complementary process to electrocoagulation resulted in an additional maximum removal of 12.51%. The bioassays indicated a reduction in toxicity in effluents treated by electrocoagulation compared to the untreated effluent. Regarding the dyes, the natural walnut-based dye exhibited higher toxicity than the synthetic dyes; however, this toxicity is associated with the active compound juglone, which has known phytotoxic activity.
Evaluation of Environmental Performance of Chrome-Free Tanning Techniques of Paiche Skins (Arapaima gigas)
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2022-09-01) Blas-García, Jalinee; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis
The leather production from paiche skins (Arapaima gigas) has recently grown in Peru, as this allows adding value and earnings from this Amazonian aquaculture waste. The development of this process requires that the tanning techniques could preserve environment as these are meant to take place in Amazonian zones. The present study evaluated the environmental performance of two chrome-free tanning techniques of paiche skins compared with traditional chrome tanning technique, developed at pilot scale by CITEccal Lima. The evaluation was carried out using environmental performance indicators (EPI), analyzed and compared using the grey clustering method, identifying coefficients (σ) respecting to the stablished classes in the study (λ1 – good, λ2 – regular, λ3 – deficient). As result, the two chrome-free tanning techniques showed a better environmental performance than the traditional chrome tanning technique (σ – 0.54, class λ2). The optimized tanning technique applying phenolic compounds had the best environmental performance (σ – 0.98, class λ1), and its values for each environmental performance indicator per 1000 kg of initial processed paiche skin were: 30.0 m3 for water consumption, 815.0 kg of chemical products applied, 2022.7 kWh for energy consumption, 105.5 kg of solid wastes; and from wastewater characterization: 2780.9 mg/L for BOD, 11682.9 mg/L for COD and non-detectable chromium. On the basis of these results, its transfer is recommended, including a wastewater treatment system and environmental management measures implementation. © 2022 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Evaluation of the Dyeing Process for Paiche (Arapaima Gigas) Leather Using Colorant Extracted from Walnut Leaves (Juglans Neotropica) for Scaling-Up
(Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng. (IJCCE), 2024-04-29) Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Lopez-Alvarez, Antony Jhair; Sueldo-Rojas, Henry; Laura-Tito, Misael; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Uribe, Carmen L.
The technological development of paiche leather tanning is projected as a high-impact economic activity and requires the application of clean technologies, such as replacing highly toxic synthetic chemicals. This study aimed to evaluate the extraction process of naphthoquinone from walnut leaves for dyeing chrome-free tanned paiche leather and to establish the feasibility of scaling it up. The active principle extracted in an aqueous medium was characterized using HPLC chromatography and UV spectrophotometry. A factorial design was implemented to evaluate leather dyeing, and the results were scaled up at the pilot level. The factors studied were dyeing time (60, 90, and 120 minutes) and walnut dye concentration (161.6, 209.8, and 250.0 g/L), with Color Intensity in the dyed leather as the response variable. Juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4, naphthoquinone) was identified as the primary dye-producing compound with maximum absorption at 210 nm in aqueous solution. The results of the experimental design fit a linear model, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 77.36% and an adjusted coefficient of 74.34%. The values obtained for the finished leather at the pilot scale, including tear resistance (88.90 N), tensile strength (8.34 N/mm2), elongation percentage (53.76 %), dry (4/5), wet (4), and artificial sweat rub (4) and lightfastness (5), indicate that walnut-dyed leather can be used in the manufacturing of footwear and clothing. The process is technically scalable to an industrial level. © 2024 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Optimization of Alkaline Hydrolysis of Chrome Shavings to Recover Collagen Hydrolysate and Chromium Hydroxide
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-03-31) Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario
The tanning industry uses skins and hides from cattle, sheep, among others, which are a byproduct of the meat industry. In their production process, they generate wastewater and solid wastes in significant quantities, that require alternatives for their adequate treatment. The present research was developed to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis process of chrome leather shavings to recover collagen hydrolysate and chromium salts, and to identify the relation between the response variables and hydrolysis conditions. For this purpose, a preliminary study was carried out, where alkaline hydrolysis conditions were adjusted, then these were optimized through a factorial design and scaled up the process to a pilot level. The preliminary study of alkaline hydrolysis of the sample was performed, where reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration were established as factors to adjust the process. The optimization of this method was developed through a factorial design with two response variables: percentage of recovered collagen protein (PRCP) and percentage of residual chromium (PRC) present in the collagen hydrolysate. Thus, the optimum alkaline hydrolysis conditions were obtained: 70°C, 0.47 M NaOH and 90 minutes for the reaction, and the relation between the response variables. Finally, the process was carried out in a pilot scale in which 45 L of collagen hydrolysate was recovered, with 87.16% of recovered collagen protein and 1.17% of residual chromium. © 2020 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Optimization of Chromium Removal from Tannery Effluents with Natural Zeolite Neonite
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2024-02-01) Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Salazar-Leiva, Victor; Gomez-León, Mónica; Solis-Veliz, Jose Luis
Chromium is the main constituent of the tanning salts used by tanneries for processing skins into leather, and considered as a pollutant in the effluents that this industry discharge. The present study aimed to evaluate the removal of chromium and other pollutants in effluents from the tanning industry applying the natural zeolite Neonite. Neonite is a commercially available zeolite, which was acquired from NEONITE S. A. Neonite was characterized through FTIR and XRD, identifying clinoptilolite as its main component. Treatment was applied to the samples of real effluents from the tanning stage or chromium bath (CB) and a composite effluent (CE), an experimental design was carried out for each effluent. The designs correspond to 32 factorial designs, the variables tested were the Neonite dosage (NE) measured in g/L, stirring time (StT) expressed in minutes and the pH of the sample, and the response variable was the residual chromium content (RCC). Statistical analysis was performed through R-software version 4.2.3 and included Box-Cox transformation and ANOVA to determine the main effects and the behavior of the response variable in relation to the applied model and its optimization by response surface. In CB, a removal above 95% was obtained for RCC, with optimization values at 32 g/L of NE and pH 7. In the CE, a removal of more than 98% was obtained for RCC and values higher than 60% for BOD, COD, TSS and Fats, being the optimal conditions 4.73 g/L of NE and 12.17 minutes of StT. These results demonstrate that the application of Neonite for the removal of chromium and other pollutants from tanning industry effluents has a great potential. © 2024 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.
Sequential electrocoagulation–ozonation treatment: Effect of suspended solids removal on sulfide elimination in tannery wastewater
(Journal of Ecological Engineering, 2026-07-01) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis
The treatment of tannery wastewater is a complex environmental challenge. These effluents have high loads of total suspended solids (TSS) and, especially, sulfides, pollutants that require advanced technologies due to their toxicity and difficulty in removal. This study presents and evaluates an integrated electrocoagulation (EC) and ozonation (O3) system as an alternative for the comprehensive treatment of this effluent. In the EC stage, it was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a 3k factorial design, using current intensity (I) and treatment time (t) as factors to maximize TSS removal. The EC results demonstrated high TSS removal efficiency, reaching 97.91% under optimal conditions (p < 0.05), which significantly facilitates subsequent treatment. The most critical finding of the study lies in the ineffectiveness of EC for dissolved contaminants: the removal of sulfides was extremely limited, with an efficiency of only 4.2%. In contrast, the subsequent ozonation stage achieved more than 99% elimination of sulfides using a dose of 12 g h-1 of ozone after 20 minutes of reaction. This result justifies the need for an integrated system, where EC handles the load of solids (TSS) and other contaminants and ozonation performs the essential chemical oxidation of sulfides. The operating cost of the combined EC–O3 treatment was determined to be US$ 0.707 m-3, demonstrating the economic viability of the technology. The results confirm that the EC–O3 system is a synergistic solution for the environmental management of tannery wastewater, enabling compliance with maximum permissible limits.
Toxicity Assessment of Tanning Effluents Treated via Electrocoagulation and Ozonation Using a Bioassay with Lactuca sativa
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2024-09-01) Aguilar-Ascón, Edwar; Marrufo-Saldaña, Liliana del Rosario; Barra-Hinojosa, Julio Alexis
In this study, the aim is to assess the toxicity of tannery wastewater treated with electrocoagulation and ozonation to determine the suitability of the approach for application, while maintaining the environmental quality of receiving water bodies and/or sewer systems. For this, an electrocoagulation reactor and an ozonation tank were built considering current intensity (I), treatment time (T), and ozone concentration O3 as operating factors. Acute toxicity tests were conducted using Lactuca sativa L. lettuce seeds for the raw sample (MI), sample treated with electrocoagulation (EC), and sample treated with EC and ozonation (EC + OZ). The toxicity parameters assessed in this study were the absolute germination (AG), germination index (GI), and average inhibition concentration (EC50). The electrocoagulation reactor achieved 92% removal efficiency for total suspended solid (TSS) and 10% removal efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) with a current intensity of 7A and a treatment time of 30 min. In addition, the COD was further reduced in the ozonation tank by 18% with an ozone dosage of 10 g/h and a contact time of 30 min. Despite these treatments, EC50 values indicated acute toxicity in all three samples. The ANOVA analysis (p value of 0.05) revealed no significant differences between the GI values for the three samples, suggesting that toxicity did not decrease substantially, despite treatment. This is attributed to the incomplete removal of the pollutant load, expressed as COD, and formation of recalcitrant and toxic compounds during treatment processes. This work demonstrates the importance of including the “toxicity” variable in the assessment of treatments to conduct them in an integral way and preserve the environmental quality of receiving water bodies. © 2024 Elsevier B. V., All rights reserved.