Browsing by Author "Barra Hinojosa, Julio"

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Development of a Degreasing Process for Paiche Skins (Arapaima gigas) for Tanning Preserving the Natural Pattern and Color
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-6-30) Segundo Espada, Abdón; Marrufo Saldaña, Liliana; Barra Hinojosa, Julio; Contreras Panizo, Rosa
DEVELOPMENT OF A DEGREASING PROCESS FOR PAICHE SKINS (Arapaima gigas) FOR TANNING PRESERVING THE NATURAL PATTERN AND COLOR ABSTRACT. The utilization of Amazonian fish skins, like paiche, to obtain leather, has been gaining importance in Peru. The beauty of the pattern of this fish skin comes from its light beige color and the black strip that runs through its back. This research aimed to develop a degreasing process for the tanning of paiche skin, that allows to preserve its natural pattern and color in the finished leather. For this purpose, a mixture of degreasers, diesel oil, lipases, and surfactants was used. In tanned skins, physical-mechanical properties, such as tear strength, tensile strength, elongation percentage, and shrinkage temperature, were evaluated. The presence of fishy smell in tanned paiche skins was evaluated through an analysis of fat content, fatty acid profiles, and sensorial tests. Besides, wastewater of the process was characterized to determine BOD5, COD, TSS, oils, and greases, TPH, phenols, and pH. This wastewater was treated by a laboratory-scale system, based on sedimentation, sifting, and flocculation-coagulation. As a result, a degreasing process using 8% of diesel oil, 18% of surfactants and 1.2% of lipidic enzymes, applied in cycles before and after the pickling process, was established. This process allowed the conservation of pattern and color of skin and the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids that cause the fishy smell in the leather, which complied with physical-mechanical standards for making footwear, bags, and clothing. Thus, a reduction in the pollutant charge in wastewater was achieved to acceptable environmental levels. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Estimation of the Allowable Concentration of Chlorides in Soaking Effluents from the Tanning Process Using Ecotoxicological Tools
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-12-15) Mogollon Ropa, Ruth; Marrufo Saldaña, Liliana; Barra Hinojosa, Julio; Contreras Panizo, Rosa; Buleje Del Carpio, Robert
The use of sodium chloride for the preservation of pelts and skins destined for tanning is a very widespread technique in Peru, therefore the quantities used of this salt represent high concentrations of chlorides in the liquid effluents that are generated, which can affect the environmental quality of ecosystems and human health. The present study aimed to estimate an allowable concentration of chlorides in tanning effluents using ecotoxicological tools so that it would serve as a guide for the tanning industry and the authorities in their efforts to establish better conservation practices and effluent control parameters, which are currently absent from national environmental legislation. The permissible concentration of chlorides was determined using bioassays with seeds of Lactuca sativa species (lettuce), which was exposed to soaking effluents obtained from local tanneries. The studied species was determined based on sensitivity tests to zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) applied to three commercial lettuce species. The selected lettuce seed presented a germination rate higher than 90%, a CV lower than 30% and an IC50 of 38.97 mg/L of Zn+2 with a confidence interval between 19.30 mg/L and 58.65 mg/L of Zn+2. The admissible guide concentration determined for chlorides in soaking effluents from IC50 was 582.30 mg/L with a minimum value of 258.45 mg/L and a maximum of 906.15 mg/L. Additionally, because of the presence of other pollutants in the soaking effluents, such as bactericides, organic matter, enzymes and salts added in soaking process, tests with synthetic solutions of sodium chloride at the same concentrations of the soaking effluents were conducted, to evaluate the effect produced by those substances.
Evaluation of Environmental Performance of Chrome-Free Tanning Techniques of Paiche Skins (Arapaima gigas)
(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Gabriel Borowski (WNGB), 2022-10-1) Blas García, Jalinee; Marrufo Saldaña, Liliana; Barra Hinojosa, Julio
The leather production from paiche skins (Arapaima gigas) has recently grown in Peru, as this allows adding value and earnings from this Amazonian aquaculture waste. The development of this process requires that the tanning techniques could preserve environment as these are meant to take place in Amazonian zones. The present study evaluated the environmental performance of two chrome-free tanning techniques of paiche skins compared with traditional chrome tanning technique, developed at pilot scale by CITEccal Lima. The evaluation was carried out using environmental performance indicators (EPI), analyzed and compared using the grey clustering method, identifying coefficients (σ) respecting to the stablished classes in the study (λ1 – good, λ2 – regular, λ3 – deficient). As result, the two chrome-free tanning techniques showed a better environmental performance than the traditional chrome tanning technique (σ – 0.54, class λ2). The optimized tanning technique applying phenolic compounds had the best environmental performance (σ – 0.98, class λ1), and its values for each environmental performance indicator per 1000 kg of initial processed paiche skin were: 30.0 m3 for water consumption, 815.0 kg of chemical products applied, 2022.7 kWh for energy consumption, 105.5 kg of solid wastes; and from wastewater characterization: 2780.9 mg/L for BOD, 11682.9 mg/L for COD and non-detectable chromium. On the basis of these results, its transfer is recommended, including a wastewater treatment system and environmental management measures implementation. © 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
Optimization of Alkaline Hydrolysis of Chrome Shavings to Recover Collagen Hydrolysate and Chromium Hydroxide
(Leather and Footwear Research Institute (INCDTP-ICPI), 2020-3-31) Barra Hinojosa, Julio; Marrufo Saldaña, Liliana
The tanning industry uses skins and hides from cattle, sheep, among others, which are a byproduct of the meat industry. In their production process, they generate wastewater and solid wastes in significant quantities, that require alternatives for their adequate treatment. The present research was developed to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis process of chrome leather shavings to recover collagen hydrolysate and chromium salts, and to identify the relation between the response variables and hydrolysis conditions. For this purpose, a preliminary study was carried out, where alkaline hydrolysis conditions were adjusted, then these were optimized through a factorial design and scaled up the process to a pilot level. The preliminary study of alkaline hydrolysis of the sample was performed, where reaction time and sodium hydroxide concentration were established as factors to adjust the process. The optimization of this method was developed through a factorial design with two response variables: percentage of recovered collagen protein (PRCP) and percentage of residual chromium (PRC) present in the collagen hydrolysate. Thus, the optimum alkaline hydrolysis conditions were obtained: 70°C, 0.47 M NaOH and 90 minutes for the reaction, and the relation between the response variables. Finally, the process was carried out in a pilot scale in which 45 L of collagen hydrolysate was recovered, with 87.16% of recovered collagen protein and 1.17% of residual chromium. © 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.